Embedded Systems

Embedded systems have become an indispensable part of modern technology. From televisions to automobiles, smartphones to industrial machines, an embedded system is found behind many devices. 

An embedded system is a specialized computer system designed to perform a specific function or group of functions. It typically operates as part of a larger device or system. Embedded systems integrate hardware and software in a way that allows them to efficiently perform a specific task. 

The most significant feature of embedded systems is that they are usually optimized to perform a single task or group of tasks. These systems are used for tasks such as controlling a car's engine, processing images in a digital camera, or regulating the function of a pacemaker. 

Components of Embedded Systems

1-Microcontroller or Microprocessor 

Microcontrollers are the brains of embedded systems. They typically combine a CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read-Only Memory), and I/O (Input/Output) units on a single chip. This allows the microcontroller to control the basic functions of a device and process data from various sensors.  

Microprocessors, on the other hand, have more powerful processing capabilities and can perform more complex operations. Microprocessors typically require external memory and I/O units. These components are used in more advanced systems to perform tasks that require high performance. 

2-Memory 

In embedded systems, memory is divided into two main categories: RAM and ROM. 

RAM (Random Access Memory): It is used for temporary data storage. Data is held and processed here while the system is running. When the embedded system is turned off, the data in RAM is erased. 

ROM (Read-Only Memory): It is used for permanent storage. The software required for the embedded system to perform its basic functions or operate the operating system is stored here. ROM retains data even when the system is turned off. 

3-Input/Output Units (I/O) 

Embedded systems need various input and output units to interact with the outside world. These units include sensors, buttons, displays, motors, and other hardware components. 

Input Units: Components such as sensors, buttons, or user interfaces guide the system to receive information from the outside world. For example, an airbag system in a car receives input from a crash sensor. 

Output Units: These units convey the actions performed by the system based on the data received to the outside world. For example, the airbag system produces an output signal to inflate the airbags when a collision is detected. 

4-Software (Firmware) 

The software in embedded systems is usually referred to as "firmware." This software contains the code necessary for the system to perform its tasks. Firmware is stored in permanent memory units such as ROM or flash memory and is often written using real-time operating systems (RTOS). 

Real-time operating systems ensure that specific tasks are completed within a specific timeframe. Such systems are used in applications where critical tasks must be performed. For example, the embedded system of an aircraft control system or a medical device may operate with an RTOS. 

Characteristics of Embedded Systems 

The design and operating principles of embedded systems distinguish them from other computer systems. Here are some of these characteristics: 

1-Real-Time Operation 

In many cases, embedded systems must complete a specific task within a certain timeframe. This increases the system's reliability and accuracy. Real-time operation is crucial, especially in critical applications such as medical devices, automotive systems, and industrial control systems. [21]

2-Low Power Consumption 

Embedded systems are often used in battery-powered devices, making energy efficiency of great importance. Low power consumption allows devices to operate longer and is a critical factor for portable devices. [23]

3-Small Size and Light Weight 

Embedded systems are often placed in physically limited spaces, requiring them to be small and lightweight. This feature allows embedded systems to be used in applications such as portable devices, wearable technology, and compact industrial machines. 

4-Reliability and Durability 

Embedded systems are often expected to operate continuously for long periods. Therefore, these systems must be reliable and durable. For example, the embedded system used in a satellite may need to operate flawlessly for years. 

Applications of Embedded Systems 

Embedded systems are widely used in many different sectors and applications. 

1-Consumer Electronics 

Embedded systems form the basis of many consumer electronics devices we use daily. Devices such as smartphones, tablets, televisions, digital cameras, washing machines, and refrigerators perform various functions thanks to embedded systems. 

For example, a digital camera can process, store, and edit images according to the user's preferences through an embedded system. 

2-Automotive Industry 

Many systems in automobiles operate thanks to embedded systems. Components such as engine control units, ABS (Antilock Braking System) systems, airbags, entertainment systems, and navigation systems are equipped with embedded systems. 

Embedded systems used in the automotive industry make vehicles safer, more efficient, and user-friendly. For example, an engine control unit can optimize fuel consumption and reduce emissions. 

3-Medical and Health Technologies 

Medical devices can monitor patients' conditions, diagnose, and provide treatment thanks to embedded systems. Devices such as pacemakers, blood glucose monitors, MRI machines, and surgical robots operate using embedded systems. 

Embedded systems used in critical medical devices must operate with high reliability and accuracy. These systems are vital to protecting patients' health. 

4-Industrial Automation 

Industrial automation systems consist of components such as robots, control systems, and sensors used in production lines. These systems optimize production processes, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. 

Embedded systems form the backbone of industrial automation. For example, a robotic arm on a production line can perform a specific task precisely and minimize error margins thanks to an embedded system. 

5-Aerospace and Aviation 

Embedded systems used in the aerospace and aviation industry play a vital role in critical applications such as aircraft control systems, navigation systems, and communication systems in spacecraft. 

These systems must be highly reliable and durable. For example, the embedded system of a spacecraft must operate flawlessly for years despite the challenging conditions encountered in space. 

The Future of Embedded Systems 

Embedded systems are becoming more widespread and capable with the advancement of technology. Technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and 5G are making embedded systems smarter, more connected, and more efficient. 

1-Internet of Things (IoT) 

Embedded systems form the foundation of IoT devices. These systems enable millions of devices to connect in homes, cities, industrial facilities, and healthcare services. IoT increases data sharing and interaction between devices, allowing the creation of smarter and more efficient systems. 

2-Artificial Intelligence (AI) 

Embedded systems have the data processing capacity necessary for AI applications. AI enables embedded systems to become more capable in areas such as decision-making, data analysis, and automatic control. For example, an AI-supported embedded system in an autonomous vehicle can analyze environmental data and make safe driving decisions. 

3-5G Technology 

5G allows embedded systems to provide faster and more reliable data communication. This is especially important for IoT devices and industrial automation applications. With 5G, the latency between devices decreases, and broader bandwidths can be used.

Embedded systems are an indispensable part of modern technology and play critical roles in many aspects of our lives. From smart devices to the automotive industry, from medicine to aviation, embedded systems provide more efficient, safer, and user-friendly solutions.